Causes of Sore Throat 咽喉痛起因

* Viral infections

Viral illnesses that cause a sore throat include:

• Common cold
• Flu (influenza)
• Mononucleosis (mono)
• Measles
• Chickenpox
• Croup — a common childhood illness characterized by a harsh, barking cough

* Bacterial infections
Bacterial infections that can cause a sore throat include:

• Strep throat, which is caused by a bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus
• Whooping cough, a highly contagious respiratory tract infection
• Diphtheria, a serious respiratory illness that's rare in industrialized nations but is more common in developing countries

* Other causes
Other causes of sore throat include:

• Allergies (Allergic Rhinitis). Allergies to pet dander, molds, dust and pollen can cause a sore throat. The problem may be complicated by postnasal drip that can irritate and inflame the throat.
• Dryness. Dry indoor air, especially in winter when buildings are heated, can make your throat feel rough and scratchy, particularly in the morning when you first wake up. Breathing through your mouth — often because of chronic nasal congestion — also can cause a dry, sore throat.
• Irritants. Outdoor air pollution can cause ongoing throat irritation. Indoor pollution — tobacco smoke or chemicals -also can cause chronic sore throat. Chewing tobacco, alcohol and spicy foods also can irritate your throat.
• Muscle strain. You can strain muscles in your throat just as you can strain them in your arms or legs. Yelling at a sporting event, trying to talk to someone in a noisy environment or talking for long periods without rest can result in a sore throat and hoarseness.
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a digestive system disorder in which stomach acids or other contents of the stomach back up in the food pipe (esophagus). Other signs or symptoms may include heartburn, hoarseness, regurgitation of stomach contents and the sensation of a lump in your throat.
• HIV infection. A sore throat and other flu-like symptoms sometimes appear early after someone is infected with HIV. Also, a person who is HIV-positive may have a chronic or recurring sore throat due to a secondary infection. Common problems include a fungal infection called oral thrush and cytomegalovirus infection, a common viral infection that can be serious in people with compromised immune systems.
• Tumors. Cancerous tumors of the throat, tongue or voice box (larynx) can cause a sore throat. Other signs or symptoms may include hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, noisy breathing, a lump in the neck, and blood in saliva or phlegm.

* 病毒感染

可造成的咽喉痛的病毒感染包括：

• 普通感冒
• 流感
• 单核细胞增多症
• 麻疹
• 水痘　
• 哮吼－孩童通俗病，特征为犬吠样咳嗽

* 细菌感染

可造成咽喉痛的细菌感染包括：

• 链球菌性喉炎，因化脓性链球菌所引起，或称A群链球菌。
• 百日咳，一种传染性极强的呼吸道感染。
• 白喉，一种严重的呼吸系统疾病，在工业化国家中较罕见，常见于发展中国家。

* 其他因素
造成咽喉痛的其他因素包括：

• 过敏 (鼻子敏感)。 宠物皮屑，霉菌，灰尘和花粉过敏都可造成咽喉痛。鼻涕倒流造成咽喉痕痒和发炎，使问题复杂化。
• 干燥。 干燥的室内空气，尤其是冬天时室内被加热，可令您的咽喉干燥痕痒，特别是当您一早睡醒的时候。因鼻塞而用嘴巴呼吸也会导致喉咙干燥，造成咽喉痛。
• 刺激物。室外的空气污染不断刺激咽喉。室内污染如烟草烟雾或化学成份可造成慢性咽喉炎。嚼烟草，酒精和辛辣食物也可刺激咽喉。　
• 肌肉拉伤。 您可能拉伤咽喉肌肉，如同您拉伤手臂或大腿肌肉一样。在运动场合中大声喊叫、在吵杂环境中与别人高声谈话或长时间无休讲话将造成咽喉痛和声音沙哑。
• 胃食道逆流疾病 (GERD)。 胃食道逆流疾病是一种胃酸或胃内容物逆流至食道的系统紊乱情况。其他症状包括心口灼热，声音嘶哑，胃内容物逆流和一块东西卡在喉咙的感觉。
• 爱滋病毒。一个人感染上爱滋病的早期症状是咽喉痛和其他类似流感的症状。一个呈爱滋病阳性的人可能因继发性感染而导致慢性或周期性咽喉痛。 常见问题包括一种称为鹅口疮和巨细胞病毒的感染。一般病毒感染发生于免疫系统受损的人将是病情恶化。　
• 肿瘤。 咽喉，舌部或声带的癌肿瘤可造成咽喉痛。其他症状包括声音嘶哑，难以吞咽，呼吸杂声，脖子上的肿块和唾液或痰带血。

Source　资料源自: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sore-throat/DS00526/DSECTION=causes